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	<title> &#187; trojan</title>
	<atom:link href="http://www.megapanzer.com/tag/trojan/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>http://www.megapanzer.com</link>
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		<title>Trojan forces Firefox to secretly store passwords</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/10/14/trojan-forces-firefox-to-secretly-store-passwords/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/10/14/trojan-forces-firefox-to-secretly-store-passwords/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Thu, 14 Oct 2010 07:06:00 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[News & media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Firefox]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Passwords]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=4212</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[A trojan recently analysed by Webroot is said to rely on retrieving web page passwords from a browser&#8217;s password storage, rather than logging a user&#8217;s keyboard inputs. To make sure it will find all the interesting passwords in Firefox, the malware, called PWS-Nslog, makes some changes to jog the browser&#8217;s memory. A few manipulations in [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<glossarycode><glossarycode><p><img class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2595" title="newspaper" src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper-150x150.jpg" alt="" width="75" height="75" />A trojan recently analysed by Webroot is said to rely on retrieving web page passwords from a browser&#8217;s password storage, rather than logging a user&#8217;s keyboard inputs. To make sure it will find all the interesting passwords in Firefox, the <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=1210" title="Glossary: Malware" target="_blank">malware</a>, called PWS-Nslog, makes some changes to jog the browser&#8217;s memory. A few manipulations in a JavaScript file prompt Firefox to store log-in information automatically and without requesting the user&#8217;s consent.<br />
The <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=1210" title="Glossary: Malware" target="_blank">malware</a> will, for instance, simply comment out Firefox&#8217;s confirmation request in the nsLoginManagerPrompter.js file and add a line with automatic storage instructions. The H&#8217;s associates at heise Security were able to reproduce the effect of the manipulations – manipulations which the <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=1210" title="Glossary: Malware" target="_blank">malware</a> author probably borrowed from a work around that has been in circulation <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/" title="Glossary: SIN" target="_blank">since</a> 2009.</p>
<p>Read more <a href="http://www.h-online.com/security/news/item/Trojan-forces-Firefox-to-secretly-store-passwords-1106100.html" target="_blank">here</a>.</p></glossarycode></glossarycode>]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>Report on SC Magazine about the Skype trojan (August 2009)</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/10/13/report-on-sc-magazine-about-the-skype-trojan-august-2009/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/10/13/report-on-sc-magazine-about-the-skype-trojan-august-2009/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 13 Oct 2010 15:04:42 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Stuff]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Eavesdropping]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Skype]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[skypetap]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=4287</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Skype snooping trojan detected, August 31 2009 Source code for a new trojan has been released that has the ability to snoop on phone calls over the popular voice over IP (VoIP) program Skype. Ruben Unteregger, a Swiss software engineer formerly with the software development company ERA IT Solutions, released the source code for the [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<glossarycode><glossarycode><glossarycode><glossarycode><glossarycode><p><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper-150x150.jpg" alt="" title="newspaper" width="75" height="75" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2595" /><strong>Skype snooping trojan detected,  August 31 2009 </strong></p>
<p>Source code for a new trojan has been released that has the ability to snoop on phone calls over the popular voice over IP (VoIP) program Skype. </p>
<p>Ruben Unteregger, a Swiss software engineer formerly with the software development company ERA IT Solutions, released the source code for the trojan Tuesday. Unteregger provided details about the trojan on his blog, Megapanzer, which he said can “&#8230;intercept all audio data coming and going to the Skype process.”</p>
<p>“What we&#8217;re looking at is something that could be considered the first ‘wiretap trojan,&#8217;” Karthik Selvaraj, an analyst at Symantec Security Response Team, wrote in a blog post Thursday. </p>
<p><span id="more-4287"></span><br />
The code, identified as Trojan.Peskyspy, has the ability to record audio from Skype calls, convert the audio to an MP3 file, encrypt it and send it back to the attacker, Symantec said. </p>
<p>“What this threat is doing is actually grabbing the sound coming from the audio devices plugged into the computer,” Selvaraj wrote. “It does this by hooking various Windows API calls that are used in audio input and output.”</p>
<p>The trojan sniffs inbound and outbound audio as it travels between the PC&#8217;s audio device and Skype, Selvaraj explained. Outbound audio coming from a user&#8217;s microphone is captured before it even reaches Skype, and inbound audio is captured after it leaves Skype, but before it reaches the PC&#8217;s speakers. </p>
<p>“It gathers the audio independently of any application-specific protocols or encryption applied by Skype when it passes voice data at the network level,” Selvaraj said. “Essentially, it sits below these security measures, recording the audio at the Windows level.”</p>
<p>The trojan does not rely on any issue in Skype itself and could potentially be crafted to <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=2563" title="Glossary: Exploit" target="_blank">exploit</a> any VoIP program, Selvaraj said. </p>
<p>Though source code became publicly available Tuesday, Unteregger told German news outlet Gulli.com that the trojan actually had been in development <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/" title="Glossary: SIN" target="_blank">since</a> at least 2006. </p>
<p>As of now, the trojan has not been identified in the wild, Kevin Haley, director of Symantec Security Response, told SCmagazineUS.com on Friday. But now that source code has been released, there is a potential that attackers could add this trojan to their <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=2563" title="Glossary: Exploit" target="_blank">exploits</a>.<br />
The source code does not have any means of propagating itself, so an attacker would have to use <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=3299" title="Glossary: Social engineering" target="_blank">social engineering</a> to trick a user into installing it, or have physical access to the machine they wish to infect.</p>
<p>“For the most part, this is a tool that would be used in a targeted way at someone,” Haley said.</p>
<p>A Skype spokesperson told SCMagazineUS.com in an email statement Friday that Skype&#8217;s Information Security team is aware of Trojan.Peskyspy. </p>
<p>&#8220;Skype strongly recommends that users follow security best practices like maintaining an up-to-date anti-<a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=3302" title="Glossary: Virus" target="_blank">virus</a> program, using a personal <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/" title="Glossary: Firewall" target="_blank">firewall</a> and ensuring that their computer is current with patches to help defend against attacks such as this.&#8221;</p></glossarycode></glossarycode></glossarycode></glossarycode></glossarycode>]]></content:encoded>
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		<item>
		<title>First SMS Trojan for Android is in the wild</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/08/11/first-sms-trojan-for-android-is-in-the-wild/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/08/11/first-sms-trojan-for-android-is-in-the-wild/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Aug 2010 07:08:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[News & media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Android]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[google]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[SMS]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3674</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[The first text message-based Trojan to infect smartphones running Google&#8217;s Android operating system has been detected in the wild. Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer-A poses as a harmless media player application and has already infected a number of mobile devices, Russian security firm Kaspersky Lab warns. Prospective marks are prompted to install a &#8220;media player file&#8221; of just over [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper-150x150.jpg" alt="" title="newspaper" width="75" height="75" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2595" />The <strong>first text message-based Trojan</strong> to infect smartphones running Google&#8217;s Android operating system has been detected in the wild.</p>
<p>Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer-A poses as a harmless media player application and has already infected a number of mobile devices, Russian security firm Kaspersky Lab warns. Prospective marks are prompted to install a &#8220;media player file&#8221; of just over 13 KB with the standard Android .APK extension.</p>
<p>Once installed, the Trojan begins sending SMS messages to premium-rate numbers without the owner’s knowledge or consent, as explained in a technical write-up by computer security researcher Jon Oberheide here. Victims wind up with a huge bill while the cybercrooks behind the scheme earn a slice of the income. The scam has only affected Android smartphone users in Russia.</p>
<p>In a statement, Google said it existing permission controls guard against this type of type, which only exist for applications published outside the Android Marketplace.</p>
<p>Read more <a target="_blank" href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/08/10/android_sms_trojan/">here</a>.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Short interview with the WOZ (Wochenzeitung)</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/05/26/short-interview-with-the-woz-wochenzeitung/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/05/26/short-interview-with-the-woz-wochenzeitung/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Wed, 26 May 2010 18:30:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Deutsch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[News & media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Bundestrojan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Government]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Swiss]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3530</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><strong><br />
<h3)Online-Durchsuchungen : Der Staat in deinem Computer</h3>
<p></strong></p>
<p><strong>Der Bund will mit heimlich eingeschleusten Trojanern Computer durchsuchen. Experten erklären, wie das funktioniert. Die Piratenpartei droht mit einem Referendum.</strong><br />
Die Strafverfolgungsbehörden wollen künftig Trojaner auf die Computer von Verdächtigen schleusen dürfen. Mithilfe dieser Überwachungsprogramme soll der Staat nicht nur verschlüsselte Mails oder verschlüsselte Internettelefonate (VoIP) mitverfolgen können, sondern sich auch gleich auf der Festplatte der überwachten Personen umsehen dürfen. «Es kann auf das ganze Datenverarbeitungsprogramm zugegriffen werden», so die offizielle Beschreibung.</p>
<p>Die neue Massnahme ist in einem Vernehmlassungsentwurf für ein überarbeitetes Bundesgesetz betreffend die Überwachung des Post- und Fernmelde verkehrs (Büpf) zu finden. Veröffentlicht wurde der Entwurf letzte Woche. Deutschschweizer Nachrichtenagenturen und Medien haben die neue Massnahme bisher nicht bemerkt.</p>
<p>Dabei betont sogar das Bundesamt für Justiz (BJ) in seinen Erläuterungen, um welch heiklen Eingriff in die Privatsphäre der Betroffenen es sich handelt: Mit dieser Technik könne auch auf Daten zugegriffen werden, welche nicht in Zusammenhang mit dem Überwachungszweck stünden und «die zur Privat- oder sogar Intimsphäre gehören». Als Beispiele werden «Fotos», «Filme» sowie «Korrespondenz» genannt.</p>
<p>Den geplanten Einsatz von Bundes trojanern rechtfertigt das Bundesamt für Justiz mit der zunehmend verschlüsselten Kommunikation von Verdächtigten, sei dies per Mail oder VoIP- Telefonie (beispielsweise Skype), die mit herkömmlichen Methoden nicht überwachbar sind. «Wir führen keine Statis tik darüber, wie viele Personen in der Schweiz verschlüsselte E-Mails verschicken», sagt Eva Zwahlen vom Bundesamt für Justiz auf Nachfrage. Heutzutage würden aber zahlreiche Mailsysteme die Verschlüsselung standardmässig ausführen.</p>
<p><strong>Passwörter mitlesen</strong><br />
(Bundes-)Trojaner sind Programme, die unbemerkt auf dem Rechner (oder dem Mobiltelefon) der zu überwachenden Person laufen. Einmal installiert, sind sie kaum zu entdecken. Übers Internet sendet der Trojaner Informationen an die Behörde. Diese erhält so Zugriff auf alle Dateien, kann die Tastatureingaben mitlesen (wodurch sie zu Verschlüsselungspasswörtern kommt) oder das System gar fernsteuern. Bei Laptops kann beispielsweise das Mikrofon eingeschaltet werden, was das unbemerkte Abhören von Gesprächen im Raum ermöglicht, in dem der Laptop steht.</p>
<p>Patrick Rohner, beim BJ zuständig für die Büpf-Revision, redet nicht gerne von Trojanern: «Der Begriff ist negativ besetzt. Der Staat ist ja kein Internetkrimineller, sondern handelt im Rahmen des Gesetzes.» Technisch sei mit den Programmen vieles möglich, räumt Rohner ein. Die Aktivierung von Laptopmikrofonen etwa hält er nicht nur technisch, sondern dank des vorgeschlagenen Gesetzes künftig auch juris tisch für möglich. Rohner betont aber, dass die Untersuchungsbehörden vor dem Einsatz der Trojaner verschiedene Verfahrenshürden nehmen müssen.</p>
<p>Das unbemerkte Einschleusen von Trojanern auf den Computer oder das Mobiltelefon des Verdächtigten ist anspruchsvoll. Wie das gehen könnte, erklärt ein IT-Experte mit Erfahrungen auf dem Gebiet. Er möchte anonym bleiben, nennen wir ihn Pit Schürmann: «Man müsste zuerst mittels herkömmlicher Überwachung das Verhalten der Zielperson analysieren, um einen geeigneten Weg zu finden, ihr den Trojaner unterzujubeln.» Getarnt als Freund der Person, könnte man ihr dann beispielsweise ein Computerspiel zusenden, in welchem sich der Trojaner versteckt. «Eine weitere Möglichkeit ist die Installation vor Ort im Rahmen einer verdeckten Polizeiaktion», so Schürmann.</p>
<p>Ruben Unteregger hat früher für die Schweizer Firma ERA IT Solutions gearbeitet. Bereits 2006 berichtete die «SonntagsZeitung», die Firma habe im Auftrag des Bundes Trojaner zur Überwachung von Skype-Gesprächen entwickelt. Letzten Sommer hat Ruben Unteregger Bausteine für solche Trojaner der Öffentlichkeit online zugänglich gemacht. Er geht davon aus, dass die Behörden zur Einschleusung von Trojanern weniger die «klassischen Hackermethoden» verwenden würden, sondern auf die Mithilfe der Provider zählten. «Nicht umsonst zwingt das neue Büpf diese ja zur Kooperation in diesem Punkt» (vgl. «Unternehmen zur Schnüffelei gezwungen» weiter unten). Mithilfe der Provider könne man sich in den Datenstrom einklinken. Wolle der Nutzer ein Programm aus dem Internet runter laden, könne man den Trojaner um das nachgefragte Programm herumwickeln, was eine «elegante Methode» und nur mittelmässig aufwändig sei, so Unter egger. «So würden zudem Antivirenprogramme umgangen, da es sich ja um einen legitimen, vom Benutzer initiierten Download handelt.»</p>
<p><strong>Alles Kinderpornografie?</strong><br />
Für Viktor Györffy, Anwalt und Präsident von grundrechte.ch, hat der Einsatz von Trojanern einen grundsätzlich anderen Charakter als die traditionelle Kommunikationsüberwachung. «Das ist, wie wenn Sie, statt die Briefe abzufangen und zu öffnen, den Schreibtisch aufbrechen und neben dem Büro gleich auch noch das Wohn- und das Schlafzimmer durchstöbern.» Man müsse sich bewusst sein, wie zentral die Computer für die Menschen geworden sind. «In ihnen bilden sich sehr grosse Teile unseres Lebens ab.» Es handle sich hier um einen «wahnsinnig einschneidenden Eingriff» in die Persönlichkeitsrechte eines Betroffenen, so Györffy.</p>
<p>Betroffen von Überwachungsmassnahmen (und damit auch von Trojaner angriffen) können Personen sein, bei denen der Verdacht besteht, ein bestimmtes Delikt begangen zu haben. Die Liste der Delikte, für welche das Gesetz eine solche Überwachung zulässt, verweist auf nicht weniger als 97 Strafartikel. Darunter Klassiker wie die Finanzierung einer terroristischen Organisation, verbotene Pornografie oder Mitgliedschaft in einer kriminellen Organisation, aber auch schwerere Drogendelikte, Diebstahl, Veruntreuung, Betrug, Sachbeschädigung mit hohem Schaden, unbefugte Datenbeschaffung, gewerbsmässiger Wucher, Drohung, Schreckung der Bevölkerung oder Störung des Eisenbahnverkehrs, um nur einige Beispiele zu nennen.</p>
<p>Patrick Rohner vom BJ betont, dass der Trojanereinsatz nur «doppelt subsidiär» angewandt werden soll. Bereits die herkömmliche Kommunikations überwachung werde nämlich nur bewilligt, wenn normale Untersuchungsmethoden nicht ausreichten. Nur wenn auch die Kommunikationsüberwachung «erfolglos geblieben» sei, etwa wenn der Verdächtige Mails verschlüsselt, komme es zum Einsatz der Trojaner. «Bei allen Kommunikationsüberwachungen gilt: Es braucht eine Bewilligung eines Gerichts», so Rohner. Beim Trojaner einsatz «muss der Staatsanwalt zudem die Art der Daten, die er will, genau angeben». So soll vermieden werden, dass auf Daten zugegriffen wird, die von vornherein nutzlos sind.</p>
<p>IT-Experte Pit Schürmann: «Ohne sich erst einmal durch die Dateien zu ackern, kann man sich kein abschliessendes Bild machen.» Es gebe zwar Spezialprogramme, die zum Beispiel automatisiert Kinderpornografie finden würden, schliesslich könne aber nur ein Mensch eine seriöse Durchsuchung garantieren. Viktor Györffy von grundrechte.ch: «Sind die Dateien einmal durchschnüffelt, dann ist die Privatsphäre bereits verletzt – egal, was dann weitergereicht wird und was nicht.»</p>
<p><strong>Hohe Kosten</strong><br />
Bezüglich Aufwand rede man bei einem Trojanerangriff nicht von fünf Stunden, sondern eher von fünfzig Stunden Arbeit – «bei Stundenansätzen von rund 250 Franken wird das schnell sehr teuer», sagt Pit Schürmann. Ruben Unteregger betont, dass man einen Trojaner nicht einfach schreiben und dann ewig einsetzen könne. «Die Programme müssen ständig gepflegt und erweitert werden, um mit der technischen Realität auf den Rechnern mitzuhalten.»</p>
<p>Patrick Rohner vom BJ zu den Kos ten: «Es ist teuer, weil es A-la-carte-Lösungen braucht. Die genauen Kosten kenne ich nicht. Wir reden in einem Fall vielleicht von 10 000, in einem anderen vielleicht von nur 1000 Franken.» Die Kosten würden für die Staatsanwälte ein weiterer Grund sein, diese Art der Überwachung sorgfältig zu prüfen, so Rohner.</p>
<p>Politischer Widerstand gegen die Büpf-Revision ist abzusehen. Zur Wehr setzen will sich etwa die Piratenpartei. Deren Präsident Denis Simonet zur WOZ: «Nützt Aufklärung nichts, so halten wir uns die Möglichkeit offen, das Referendum zu ergreifen.» Simonet weist darauf hin, dass laut Gesetzesentwurf nicht nur Verdächtige betroffen wären, sondern auch Leute aus dem engeren Umfeld der Verdächtigten. «Man findet in jedem Umfeld jemanden, den man eines Deliktes verdächtigen kann.» Wichtig sei es, nun eine Debatte über Überwachung an sich zu lancieren. «Schuldig ist man erst, wenn man verurteilt wurde», sagt der Piratenpräsident. «Das nennt sich Unschuldsvermutung.»</p>
<p><strong>Unternehmen zur Schnüffelei gezwungen</strong><br />
Heute bekommen Kommunikationsdienstleister für Überwachungen eine Entschädigung ausbezahlt. In der Praxis betrifft das vor allem Telefon- und Mobilfunkdienstleister sowie Anbieter von Internetzugängen (Access-Provider). Letztere müssen seit April dieses Jahres in der Lage sein, den gesamten Datenverkehr ihrer KundInnen bei Bedarf in Echtzeit mitzuschneiden, wie die WOZ letzten Sommer enthüllte (siehe WOZ Nr. 29/09). Neu müssen die sogenannten Randdaten aller Internet-, Mobil- und TelefonnutzerInnen während zwölf statt sechs Monaten gespeichert werden.</p>
<p>Die staatlichen Entschädigungen für Kommunikationsüberwachungen hingegen sollen wegfallen. Grössere Firmen protestieren bereits dagegen. Gegenüber der «Aargauer Zeitung» sprach etwa die Cablecom von «Zusatzkosten im sechsstelligen Bereich». Die Swisscom befürchtet, dass künftig auch die Anzahl der Behördenanfragen steigen wird.<br />
Kommt der vorliegende Entwurf für das Gesetz zur Überwachung des Post- und Fernmeldeverkehrs (Büpf) durch, erweitert sich zudem der Kreis jener beträchtlich, die auf eigene Kos ten die Überwachungsarbeit für den Staat erledigen müssen. Betroffen wären neu alle sogenannten «reinen Serviceprovider», darunter auch Kleinstbetriebe oder Privatpersonen, die Speicherplatz für Webseiten anbieten (Webhosting), sofern sie dies beruflich tun.</p>
<p>Das stellt gerade kleine Betriebe vor grosse Probleme: Silvan Gebhardt ist 23-jährig, Inhaber eines Start-up-­Unternehmens in Frauenfeld und spezialisiert auf Kommunikationslösungen für Unternehmen, die dank Gebhardts Firma OpenFactory über Internet telefonie kommunizieren können. «Was dieses Gesetz von mir verlangt, kostet mich zwei bis drei Monatsumsätze – noch bevor überhaupt eine Überwachung angeordnet wird.» Für seine GmbH mit zwei Angestellten sei dies «existenzbedrohend». Der Jungunternehmer, der schon als Dreizehnjähriger IT-Dienstleistungen angeboten hat, sagt: «Sollte das Gesetz so durchkommen, könnte ich es einfach ignorieren – und dabei eine Busse in ebenfalls existenzbedrohender Höhe riskieren.» Wer den Weisungen nicht Folge leistet, kann laut Büpf-Entwurf mit bis zu 100000 Franken gebüsst werden.</p>
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		<title>Trj/Casper.A sources.</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/02/15/trjcasper-a-sources/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/02/15/trjcasper-a-sources/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 15 Feb 2010 07:12:30 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[C]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RAT sources]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Tools & sources]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Casper]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Injection]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[RAT]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[source]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3468</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[&#160; &#160; &#160; Name Trj.Casper &#160; Type RAT &#160; &#160; Author Unknown &#160; &#160; Written in C &#160; &#160; Description This sourcecode dates back to 2004. It is quite old and its functionality is rather limited. The intresting part in this source code is the injection section which represents the biggest part of it. It [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<table border="0" width="100%">
<tbody>
<tr valign="top">
<td width="30%">&nbsp;</td>
<td width="50%">&nbsp;</td>
<td width="20%">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td><strong>Name</strong></td>
<td>Trj.Casper</td>
<td rowspan="5">
<img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/trojan_horse.jpeg" alt="RAT" title="RAT" width="100" height="96" class="alignright size-full wp-image-2132" />
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td><strong>Type</strong></td>
<td>RAT</td>
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td><strong>Author</strong></td>
<td>Unknown</td>
<td>
&nbsp;
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="bottom">
<td><strong>Written in</strong></td>
<td>C</td>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><strong>Description</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">
This sourcecode dates back to 2004. It is quite old and its functionality is rather limited. The intresting part in this source code is <strong>the injection section</strong> which represents the biggest part of it. It contains an injection function based on the <strong>CreateRemoteThread</strong> call and all required functions to make it completely run in a remote process. You can use it as a basic example and extend it with your own functionality.
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><strong>Questions</strong></td>
<td colspan="2">Do you have a question about this RAT/bot/worm? At the bottom of this post you find the box where you can type and send your message.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="top">
<td><strong>Downloads</strong></td>
<td colspan="2"><a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/casper.zip">Source</a></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p><br/></p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>China stomps cybercrook training outfit</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/02/08/china-stomps-cybercrook-training-outfit/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2010/02/08/china-stomps-cybercrook-training-outfit/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Mon, 08 Feb 2010 12:32:49 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[News & media]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[china]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Malware]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[market]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3449</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Chinese authorities have closed down a firm that allegedly trained hackers to develop spyware and launch cyberattacks. Police in the central Chinese province of Hubei province arrested three people when they closed down Black Hawk Safety Net, described by the official Xinhua news agency as running the country&#8217;s biggest hacker training website. Black Hawk Safety [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<glossarycode><glossarycode><p><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper-150x150.jpg" alt="" title="newspaper" width="75" height="75" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2595" />Chinese authorities have closed down a firm that allegedly trained <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=1220" title="Glossary: Hacker" target="_blank">hackers</a> to develop <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=1249" title="Glossary: Spyware" target="_blank">spyware</a> and launch cyberattacks.</p>
<p>Police in the central Chinese province of Hubei province arrested three people when they closed down Black Hawk Safety Net, described by the official Xinhua news agency as running the country&#8217;s biggest <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=1220" title="Glossary: Hacker" target="_blank">hacker</a> training website.</p>
<p>Black Hawk Safety Net offered <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/?page_id=1220" title="Glossary: Hacker" target="_blank">hacker</a> tools and Trojan software to 12,000 VIP paid-up members. Another 170,000 had signed up to the site for the reduced set of tools available to casual, non-paying members. The firm is also accused of running &#8216;hacking for cybercrooks&#8217; courses.</p>
<p>Read more <a href="http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/02/08/china_cybercrook_training_outfit_raid/" target="_blank">here</a>.</p></glossarycode></glossarycode>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Report on 20min about SkypeTap for Skype 4 (deutsch)</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/12/29/report-on-20min-about-skypetap-for-skype-4-deutsch/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/12/29/report-on-20min-about-skypetap-for-skype-4-deutsch/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Tue, 29 Dec 2009 13:19:19 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Deutsch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stuff]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[eavsdropping]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Report]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Skype]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[skypetap]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3265</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Die Internettelefonie über Skype galt eigentlich als sicher. Das dem nicht so ist, wurde im vergangenen Sommer bekannt. Der «SonntagsBlick» berichtete Ende August über Ruben Unteregger, der den Quelltext für einen entsprechenden Trojaner im Internet veröffentlicht hatte. Unteregger ist ein ehemaliger Mitarbeiter des Schwyzer Unternehmens Era IT Solutions . 2006 deckte die «SonntagsZeitung» auf, dass [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper.jpg"><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper-150x150.jpg" alt="" title="newspaper" width="75" height="75" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2595" /></a>Die Internettelefonie über Skype galt eigentlich als sicher. Das dem nicht so ist, wurde im vergangenen Sommer bekannt. Der «SonntagsBlick» berichtete Ende August über Ruben Unteregger, der den Quelltext für einen entsprechenden Trojaner im Internet veröffentlicht hatte. Unteregger ist ein ehemaliger Mitarbeiter des Schwyzer Unternehmens Era IT Solutions . 2006 deckte die «SonntagsZeitung» auf, dass der Bund bei dieser Firma eine Abhörsoftware für Skype-Telefonate in Auftrag gegeben hatte.</p>
<p>Nun hat Unteregger den Sourcecode über die Feiertage angepasst. Damit lassen sich auch Gespräche abhören, die mit der neusten Version der VoIP-Software geführt werden. «Im Internet stehen auf einschlägigen Seiten auch Programme zur Verfügung, mit denen sich die Mikrofone eines Rechners ansteuern lassen. Mein Ansatz bestand allerdings darin, die Skype-Applikation isoliert zu betrachten und alle Daten, die darüber laufen, abzufangen. Dafür muss der Trojaner auf den Rechner der Zielperson eingeschleust werden, was sich über verschiedene Wegen bewerkstelligen lässt», erklärt er im Gespräch mit 20 Minuten Online.<br />
<span id="more-3265"></span><br />
<strong>Trojaner steht im Web bereit</strong></p>
<p><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/PI85033-150x150.jpg" alt="" title="_PI85033" width="150" height="150" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2683" />Das Update des Trojaners war keine grosse Sache, da Skype die bestehende Sicherheitslücke nach wie vor nicht behoben hat: «Ich habe lediglich ein paar Fehler ausgemerzt und die ganze Sache ein bisschen vereinfacht», so Unteregger. Auf seiner Webseite stellt er den Quelltext kostenlos zur Verfügung. Allerdings ist der Code nicht komplett. «Den Quellcode habe ich am 26. Dezember veröffentlicht, auf lauffähige Trojaner wurde wegen Missbrauchsgefahr bewusst verzichtet», sagt Unteregger. Die fehlenden Passagen sollen zu einem späteren Zeitpunkt veröffentlichen werden.</p>
<p><strong>Der PC wird zur Wanze</strong></p>
<p>Im den kommenden Monaten will Unteregger ein Programm veröffentlichen, mit dem sich PC-Mikrofone ansteuern und als Wanzen missbrauchen lassen. Damit soll die breite Öffentlichkeit auf die bestehenden Sicherheitsmängel aufmerksam gemacht werden.</p>
]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>Report on Gulli.com about SkypeTap for Skype 4 (deutsch)</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/12/27/report-on-gulli-com-about-skypetap-for-skype-4-deutsch/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/12/27/report-on-gulli-com-about-skypetap-for-skype-4-deutsch/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sun, 27 Dec 2009 15:18:21 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Deutsch]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stuff]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Report]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Skype]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[skypetap]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3245</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Ruben Unteregger aka Megapanzer demonstriert mit seiner Veröffentlichung, dass man auch die aktuelle Version der VoIP-Software Skype problemlos zum Abhören von Gesprächen missbrauchen kann. Der Programmierer arbeitete früher rund 7 Jahre für das Schweizer Unternehmen ERA IT Solutions und war dort für die Erstellung von Schadsoftware zuständig. Dem Unternehmen wird nachgesagt, dass sie auch im [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper.jpg"><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/newspaper-150x150.jpg" alt="" title="newspaper" width="75" height="75" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2595" /></a><strong>Ruben Unteregger aka Megapanzer demonstriert mit seiner Veröffentlichung, dass man auch die aktuelle Version der VoIP-Software Skype problemlos zum Abhören von Gesprächen missbrauchen kann.</strong></p>
<p>Der Programmierer arbeitete früher rund 7 Jahre für das Schweizer Unternehmen ERA IT Solutions und war dort für die Erstellung von Schadsoftware zuständig. Dem Unternehmen wird nachgesagt, dass sie auch im Auftrag staatlicher Stellen Trojaner und andere Schadsoftware produziert haben sollen.<br />
<span id="more-3245"></span><br />
Megapanzer (Ruben Unteregger) hat die freie Zeit über die Feiertage genutzt, um seinen alten Code aufzuräumen, Fehler zu beseitigen und den Code an die aktuelle Version von Skype anzupassen. Den Quellcode des Trojaners hat er veröffentlicht, um bewusst auf diese Sicherheitslücke hinzuweisen. Der Source kann von hier heruntergeladen werden. Im Rahmen unseres damaligen Interviews von vor drei Monaten sagte er über die Zukunft der staatlichen Überwachung:</p>
<p>&#8220;<em>Ich glaube (&#8230;), dass das Equipment der Behörden zur Überwachung und Strafverfolgung gut aufgestockt wurde. Es wäre an der Zeit, wenn die nächsten zwei, drei Schritte von der Gegenseite gemacht würden und dem Kontrollwahn ein wenig entgegengewirkt wird. Sobald die Welle aus Deutschland auch in die Schweiz überschwappt und man stetig das Gefühl vermittelt bekommt, dass einem jemand über die Schulter schaut, das hätte ich dann doch gerne anders.</p>
<p>Vorratsdatenspeicherung, Onlinedurchsuchung, Zensur, Raumüberwachung, Bewegungsprofil, Telefonie-, E-Mail- und SMS-Überwachung&#8230; das ist doch ein beachtliches und bedrohlich anmutendes Arsenal an Überwachungs- und Kontrollinstrumenten. Das sollte einem schon die Augen öffnen, den Leidensdruck ein wenig erhöhen, zum Nachdenken anregen und klar werden lassen, in welche Richtung es gehen kann oder wo wir gerade drinn stecken. Könnte man aufzeigen, dass einige dieser Dinge nicht die Sicherheit und den Schutz bieten können, unter welchem sie &#8220;verkauft&#8221; wurden und diese Nachricht würde dann auch in den Köpfen ankommen und die Idee wieder gekippt werden, das wäre ein guter Schritt in die richtige Richtung.</em>&#8220;</p>
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		<title>New Skype trojan source version available</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/12/26/new-skype-trojan-source-version-available/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/12/26/new-skype-trojan-source-version-available/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Sat, 26 Dec 2009 12:49:12 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Tools & sources]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[eavesdrop]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Skype]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[skypetap]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan horse]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3235</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Dear readers I used the time over christmas to work on the Skype trojan source code. The code was a little messy, it compiled but at some places it crashed. The old source was optimised for Skype 3 and about for a year now Skype 4 is spreading more and more. Therefore I decided to [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<glossarycode><p><a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/trojan_horse.jpeg"><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/trojan_horse.jpeg" alt="" title="trojanhorse" width="50" height="48" class="alignright size-full wp-image-2132" /></a>Dear readers</p>
<p>I used the time over christmas to work on the <a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/source-code/#skypetrojan">Skype trojan source code</a>. The code was a little messy, it compiled but at some places it crashed. The old source was optimised for Skype 3 and about for a year now <strong>Skype 4 is spreading</strong> more and more. Therefore I decided to clean up the code and adapt it that way it works toghether with the new Skype version.<br />
It took its time, several <a class="glossaryLink" href="http://www.megapanzer.com/" title="Glossary: Bug" target="_blank">bugs</a> were fixed, some of the old features were removed as for example <strong>encryption and encoding</strong>.</p>
<p>The code is available <a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/SkypeTap_20091226.zip">here</a>. Feedback is as always appreciated. Just drop me a <a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/contact/">mail</a>.</p></glossarycode>]]></content:encoded>
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		<title>The Economics of Botnets</title>
		<link>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/11/27/the-economics-of-botnets/</link>
		<comments>http://www.megapanzer.com/2009/11/27/the-economics-of-botnets/#comments</comments>
		<pubDate>Fri, 27 Nov 2009 17:31:03 +0000</pubDate>
		<dc:creator>carrumba</dc:creator>
				<category><![CDATA[Reading material]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Stuff]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[bot]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[botnet]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[click fraud]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[cybercriminals]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Hacking]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[Spam]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[trojan]]></category>

		<guid isPermaLink="false">http://www.megapanzer.com/?p=3139</guid>
		<description><![CDATA[Nice article about botnets, click fraud and spamming. You can find the original article (written by Yury Namestnikov) on www.viruslist.com. The Economics of Botnets In the past ten years, botnets have evolved from small networks of a dozen PCs controlled from a single C&#038;C (command and control center) into sophisticated distributed systems comprising millions of [...]]]></description>
			<content:encoded><![CDATA[<p><img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/books-150x150.jpg" alt="books" title="books" width="75" height="75" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-2238" />Nice article about botnets, click fraud and spamming.<br />
You can find the original article (written by Yury Namestnikov) on <a href="http://www.viruslist.com/" target="_blank">www.viruslist.com</a>.</p>
<p>
<strong>The Economics of Botnets</strong></p>
<p>In the past ten years, botnets have evolved from small networks of a dozen PCs controlled from a single C&#038;C (command and control center) into sophisticated distributed systems comprising millions of computers with decentralized control. Why are these enormous zombie networks created? The answer can be given in a single word: money.</p>
<p>A botnet, or zombie network, is a network of computers infected with a malicious program that allows cybercriminals to control the infected machines remotely without the users’ knowledge. Zombie networks have become a source of income for entire groups of cybercriminals. The invariably low cost of maintaining a botnet and the ever diminishing degree of knowledge required to manage one are conducive to growth in popularity and, consequently, the number of botnets.<br />
<span id="more-3139"></span><br />
So how does one start? What does a cybercriminal in need of a botnet do? There are many possibilities, depending on the criminal’s skills. Unfortunately, those who decide to set up a botnet from scratch will have no difficulty finding instructions on the Internet.<br />
<br />
You can simply create a new zombie network. This involves infecting computers with a special program called a bot. Bots are malicious programs that unite compromised computers into botnets. If someone who wants to start a ‘business’ has no programming skills, there are plenty of ‘bot for sale’ offers on forums. Obfuscation and encryption of these programs’ code can also be ordered in the same way in order to protect them from detection by antivirus tools. Another option is to steal an existing botnet.<br />
<br />
The cybercriminal’s next step is to infect user machines with bot malware. This is done by sending spam, posting messages on user forums and social networks, or via drive-by downloads. Alternatively, the bot itself can include self-replication functionality, like viruses and worms.<br />
<br />
Various social engineering techniques are used when ordering spam mailings or posting messages on user forums and social networks in order to cause potential victims to install a bot. For example, users can be offered an interesting video to view, which requires downloading a special codec. Of course, the user won’t be able to watch the video after downloading and launching the file. In fact, the user will probably not notice any changes at all, but at the same time the computer will be infected. As a result, the computer will become an obedient servant at the beck and call of the botnet owner without the user being any the wiser.<br />
<br />
Another widely used method involves covertly downloading malware via drive-by-downloads. This method is based on taking advantage of various vulnerabilities in applications, primarily popular browsers, to download malware to the computer when the user visits an infected web page. This is done with special programs called exploits, which use vulnerabilities not only to covertly download, but also to run a malicious program without the user’s knowledge. If the attack is successful, the user will not even suspect that there is something wrong with the computer. This method of distributing malicious software is particularly dangerous, since tens of thousands of people get infected when a popular web resource is compromised.<br />
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/botnet_11.png" target="_blank"><br />
<img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/botnet_11-1024x609.png" alt="botnet_1" title="botnet_1" width="512" height="305" class="alignleft size-large wp-image-3161" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<strong>Figure 1: A snare for users (a fake Youtube post)</strong>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>A bot can be designed to include the feature of self-propagation in computer networks, e.g., by infecting all the executable files it can access or by scanning the network for vulnerable computers and infecting them. The Virus.Win32.Virut and Net-Worm.Win32.Kido families are examples of such bots. The former is a polymorphic file infector, the latter a network worm. It is hard to overestimate the effectiveness of this approach: today, the zombie network created by Kido is the world’s largest.<br />
<br />
The botnet owner can control unsuspecting users’ infected computers via the botnet’s command &#038; control center, by connecting to bots via an IRC channel, a web connection or any other available means. It is sufficient to unite a few dozen machines into a network for the botnet to start making money for its owner. The income is directly proportional to the zombie network’s stability and growth rate.</p>
<p><strong>How botnet owners make money</strong><br />
<br />
So how do botnet owners make money with infected computers? There are several major sources of income: DDoS attacks, theft of confidential information, spam, phishing, SEO spam, click fraud and distribution of adware and malicious programs. It should be noted that, if chosen, any of these sources can provide a cybercriminal with a good income. But why choose? A botnet can perform all of these activities… at the same time!<br />
</p>
<table>
<tr>
<td>
<a href="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/botnet_21.png" target="_blank"><br />
<img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/botnet_21.png" alt="botnet_2" title="botnet_2" width="493" height="277" class="alignright size-full wp-image-3160" /></a>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<strong>Figure 2: The ‘botnet business’</strong>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>&nbsp;</td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><strong>DDoS attacks</strong><br />
<br />
Many researchers believe that even the earliest botnets provided DDoS functionality. A DDoS attack is an attack on a computer system which aims to force the system into denial of service, when it can no longer receive and process requests from legitimate users. One of the most common attack methods involves sending numerous requests to the victim computer, leading to denial of service if the computer under attack has insufficient resources to process all incoming requests. DDoS attacks are a potent weapon for hackers and botnets are an ideal tool for carrying out such attacks. DDoS attacks can be used as a tool for unfair competition or be manifestations of cyberterrorism.<br />
<br />
A botnet owner can render services to any unscrupulous entrepreneur by organizing a DDoS attack on his competitor’s website. The competitor’s website will be down due to the stress caused by the attack and the cybercriminal will receive a modest (or not-so-modest) reward. Botnet owners themselves can use DDoS attacks in the same way to extort money from large companies. Companies often choose to give in to cybercriminals’ demands because dealing with the consequences of successful DDoS attacks is even more expensive. In January 2009, an attack on godaddy.com, a major web hosting provider, resulted in several thousand websites hosted on the company’s web servers being inaccessible for almost 24 hours. What was it, an illegal move by another popular hosting provider in the combat for a place in the sun, or was Go Daddy blackmailed by cybercriminals? We think that both scenarios are quite likely. Incidentally, the same hosting provider experienced a similar attack in November 2005, but then the service was unavailable for only an hour. The new attack was much more powerful, primarily due to the growth of botnets.<br />
<br />
In February 2007, a series of attacks was conducted targeting the root name servers, on which the entire Internet depends for normal operation. It is unlikely that the purpose of the attacks was to crash the Internet, since zombie networks cannot function without the Internet. It is more likely that this was a demonstration of the power and capabilities of zombie networks.<br />
<br />
Adverts for organizing DDoS attacks are openly displayed on many user forums devoted to the relevant topics. As for the price tag, it can range from $50 to several thousand dollars for 24-hour continuous operation of a botnet carrying out a DDoS attack. The price range makes sense. The task of stopping the sales of a modest unprotected online store for one day can be tackled by a relatively small botnet (about a thousand computers), and will cost the criminal a relatively small amount of money. But if the competitor is a large international company with a well-protected website, the price will be much higher, since a successful DDoS attack will require a much larger number of zombie computers, so the customer will have to pay up.<br />
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According to shadowserver.org, about 190 000 DDoS attacks were carried out in 2008, “earning” cybercriminals about $20 million. Naturally, this estimate does not include revenues from blackmail, which are impossible to assess.</p>
<p><strong>Theft of confidential information</strong><br />
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Confidential information stored on users’ computers will always attract cybercriminals. The most valuable data includes credit card numbers, financial information and passwords to various services, such as email, ftp, IM systems etc. Today’s malicious programs allow criminals to choose the data they want by installing the relevant module on the infected computer.<br />
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Cybercriminals can either sell the information stolen or use it in their own interests. Hundreds of new bank-accounts-for-sale advertisements appear on underground forums every day. The price of an account can range from $1 to $1500. The low minimum price demonstrates that the cybercriminals involved in this business have to reduce their prices due to competition. To make a really significant amount of money, they need a steady inflow of fresh data, which is provided primarily by a stable growth of zombie networks.<br />
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Financial information is of special interest to carders, i.e., people who forge bank cards. The profitability of their operations is well illustrated by the story of a group of Brazilian cybercriminals who were arrested two years ago. They were able to withdraw $4.74 million from bank accounts using information stolen from computers.<br />
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Personal data not directly related to users’ finances are of interest to cybercriminals who forge documents, open fake bank accounts, conduct illegal transactions etc.<br />
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The cost of stolen personal data is directly dependent on the country of its legal owner’s residence. For example, a complete set of data on a US resident costs $5 to 8. EU resident data is particularly valued on the black market and is two or three times more expensive than data for US and Canadian residents. This is because cybercriminals can use this data in any EU country. Worldwide, the average cost of a full package of data on one person is about $7.<br />
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Another type of information collected by botnets is email addresses. Unlike credit card numbers and accounts, numerous email addresses can be harvested from one infected computer. The addresses harvested are then put up for sale, sometimes ‘in bulk’, by megabyte. Spammers are naturally the main buyers. One list of a million email addresses costs $20 to 100, while spammers charge $150 to 200 for a mailing to these same million addresses, making a clear profit.<br />
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Criminals are also interested in user accounts for various paid services and online stores. These are certainly cheaper than bank accounts, but their sale involves lower risk of prosecution by law-enforcement agencies. For example, accounts for Steam, a popular online store, with access to ten games are sold for $7 to 15 per account.<br />
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<img src="http://www.megapanzer.com/wp-content/uploads/botnet_31-1024x590.png" alt="botnet_3" title="botnet_3" width="512" height="295" class="alignright size-large wp-image-3159" /></target>
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<strong>Figure 3: Forum post offering Steam accounts for sale</strong>
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<p><strong>Phishing</strong><br />
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New phishing sites are now mass-produced, but they need protection from closure. Zombie networks obligingly provide an implementation of fast flux technology, which allows cybercriminals to change website IP addresses every few minutes without affecting the domain name. This extends the lifetime of phishing sites, making it hard to detect them and take them offline. The idea involves using people’s home computers that are part of a botnet as web servers with phishing content. Fast flux is better than proxy servers at hiding fake websites on the Web.<br />
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Thus, Rock Phish, a well-known phishing ring, works in cooperation with Asprox, a botnet operator. In the middle of last year the ‘Rock Phishers’, who are responsible for half the online phishing attacks and millions of dollars lost by online banking users, upgraded their infrastructure for fast-flux compatibility. This took about five months and everything was done at a highly professional level. Instead of creating their own fast flux network, the phishers acquired a ready-made solution from the owners of the Asprox botnet.<br />
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Cybercriminals, mostly phishers, pay botnet owners $1000 to 2000 per month for hosting fast flux services.<br />
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The average income from phishing is comparable to that from the theft of confidential data using malicious programs and adds up to millions of dollars per year.</p>
<p><strong>Spam</strong><br />
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Millions of spam messages are sent globally every day. Sending unsolicited mail is a major function of today’s botnets. According to Kaspersky Lab data, about 80% of all spam is sent via zombie networks.<br />
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Billions of messages with adverts for Viagra, watch replicas, online casinos etc. are sent from computers of law-abiding users. These messages clutter up communication channels and mailboxes. In this way, hackers expose innocent users’ computers: the sender addresses to which mass mailings are traced are blacklisted by antivirus companies.<br />
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In recent years, the scope of spam services has broadened to include ICQ spam, spam in social networks, user forums and weblogs. This is also an ‘achievement’ of botnet owners: it doesn’t take a lot of effort to add a new module to a bot client in order to open up new horizons for a new business with slogans such as “Spam in Facebook. Cheap”.<br />
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Spam prices vary depending on the target audience and the number of target addresses. The price of a targeted mailing can range from $70 for a few thousand addresses to $1000 for tens of millions.<br />
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In the past year, spammers made about $780,000,000 sending messages. An impressive result for adverts that nobody wants, isn’t it?</p>
<p><strong>Search engine spam</strong><br />
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Another application for botnets is search engine optimization (SEO). Webmasters use SEO in order to improve their websites’ positions in search results, since the higher they get the more visitors will reach the site via search engines.<br />
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Search engines use a number of criteria to assess the relevance of a website. One of the main parameters is the number of links to the site located on other pages or domains. The more such links are found, the higher the search robot rates the site. The words used in the link also affect the rating. For example, the link “buy our computers” will have a greater weight for such queries as “buy a computer”.<br />
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SEO is a flourishing business in itself. Many companies pay lots of money to web masters to bring their websites to top positions in search results. Botnet operators have borrowed some of their techniques and automated the search engine optimization process.<br />
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So if you see lots of links created by an unknown user or even your friend in comments on your favorite live journal entry, don’t be surprised. It only means that somebody has hired the owners of a botnet to promote a web resource. A specially designed program is installed on a zombie computer and leaves comments containing links to the site being promoted on popular resources.<br />
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The average price of illegal SEO spam is about $300 per month.</p>
<p><strong>Adware and malware installation</strong><br />
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Imagine that you are reading your favorite online automobile magazine and suddenly a popup window appears, offering genuine auto accessories for sale. It would seem that there is nothing wrong with that, but you are confident that you didn’t install any software to look for useful (or useless) things. It’s simple: botnet owners have ‘taken care’ of you.<br />
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Many companies that offer online advertising services pay for each installation of their software. As a rule, this is not a lot of money – from 30 cents to $1.50 for each program installed. However, when a cybercriminal has a botnet at his disposal, he can install any software on thousands of computers with a few mouse clicks and earn serious money. J. K. Shiefer, a well-known cybercriminal who was convicted in 2007, ‘earned’ over $14,000 in one month using a botnet of over 250,000 machines to install adware on 10,000 computers.<br />
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Cybercriminals who distribute malicious programs often use the same approach, paying for each installation of their software. This type of cooperation between cybercriminals is called an “affiliate network”. Rates for the installation of software on computers in different countries differ significantly. For example, the average price of installing a malicious program on a thousand computers in China is $3 and in the US $120. This makes sense, since computers of users in developed countries can provide cybercriminals with much more valuable information that can be used to make a lot more money.</p>
<p><strong>Click fraud</strong><br />
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Online advertising agencies that use the PPC (Pay-Per-Click) scheme pay for unique clicks on advertisements. Botnet owners can make significant amounts of money by cheating on such companies.<br />
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An example is the well-known Google AdSense network. Advertisers pay Google for clicks on their ads in the hope that users who visit their sites in this way will buy something from them.<br />
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Google, in its turn, places context-based advertising on the various websites participating in the AdSense program, paying a percentage from each click to website owners. Unfortunately, not all website owners are honest. With a zombie network, a hacker can generate thousands of unique clicks a day – one from each machine to avoid raising Google’s suspicion. Thus the money spent on an advertising campaign makes its way into the hacker’s pockets. Sadly, nobody has been convicted of this kind of fraud so far.<br />
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According to Click Forensics, about 16-17% of all advertising link clicks in 2008 were fake, of which a third was generated by botnets. A simple calculation will show that botnet owners made $33 million ‘for clicks’. Not bad for simple mouse clicks!</p>
<p><strong>Leasing and selling botnets</strong><br />
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Now to the busy botnet owners: for them, Marx’s world-famous formula, “goods – money – goods” translates into “botnet – money – botnet”. Keeping a botnet afloat, ensuring a steady inflow of new zombies, protecting bots from being detected by antivirus products and keeping the C&#038;C from being located requires both financial and time investment from the hacker, so he simply has no time left for sending spam, installing software or stealing and selling information. It is much easier to lease the botnet out or sell it, especially since there is no shortage of those who wish to acquire it.<br />
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The lease of a mail botnet that can send about 1000 messages a minute (with 100 zombie machines working online) brings about $2000 per month. As in the case of leasing, the price of a ready-made botnet depends on the number of infected computers. Ready-made botnets are especially popular on English-speaking user forums. Small botnets of a few hundred bots cost $200 to 700, with an average price amounting to $0.50 per bot. Large botnets cost much more. The Shadow botnet, which was created by a 19-year-old hacker from Holland and included over 100,000 computers, was put on sale for $36,000. This is enough to buy a small house in Spain, but the Brazilian cybercriminal chose the botnet.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion</strong><br />
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Mind boggling sums make their way into the pockets of people in the botnet business. All sorts of methods are used to combat this business, but at the legislation level it is completely ineffective. Laws on spam and on the development and distribution of malicious programs or on breaking into computer networks are not applied in many countries, even where such laws do exist. Botnet owners or developers who have been prosecuted can be counted on the fingers of two hands. Which is not the case with botnets that are live on the Internet: the number of these has exceeded 3600. In fact, counting functioning botnets is not an easy task, because in addition to a few dozen large botnets that are hard to miss there are numerous smaller zombie networks that are not easy to detect or tell apart.<br />
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At present, the most effective method of combating botnets is close cooperation between antivirus experts, ISPs and law enforcement agencies. Such cooperation has already resulted in the closure of three companies: EstDomains, Atrivo and McColo. Note that the closure of McColo, whose servers hosted command and control centers for several major spam botnets, resulted in a 50% reduction in the amount of spam circulating on the Internet.<br />
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Experts follow the activity of thousands of botnets, and antivirus products detect and destroy bots across the globe, but only law enforcement agencies can stop the command and control centers and catch the cybercriminals, thereby ‘putting out’ botnets for extended periods of time. The closure of McColo only had a short-lived effect: several weeks later spam traffic began to go back to its usual levels. After botnet owners moved their command and control centers to other hosting providers, it was ‘business as usual’ for them again. What is needed is a continual effort rather than occasional inspections. Sadly, chopping off one head of the hydra is not enough!<br />
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Without help from users, combating botnets cannot be effective. It is home computers that make up the lion’s share of the enormous army of bots. Neglecting to stick to simple security rules, such as using antivirus software, using strong account passwords and disabling the AutoPlay feature for removable media, can result in your computer becoming another botnet member, providing cybercriminals with your data and resources. Why help cybercriminals?</p>
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